Changeset - 253e7d1ae48e
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timeless@gmail.com - 10 years ago 2016-05-03 07:05:17
timeless@gmail.com
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kallithea/lib/utils2.py
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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 
# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 
# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
 
# (at your option) any later version.
 
#
 
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 
# GNU General Public License for more details.
 
#
 
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 
# along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
"""
 
kallithea.lib.utils2
 
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 

	
 
Some simple helper functions
 

	
 
This file was forked by the Kallithea project in July 2014.
 
Original author and date, and relevant copyright and licensing information is below:
 
:created_on: Jan 5, 2011
 
:author: marcink
 
:copyright: (c) 2013 RhodeCode GmbH, and others.
 
:license: GPLv3, see LICENSE.md for more details.
 
"""
 

	
 

	
 
import os
 
import re
 
import sys
 
import time
 
import uuid
 
import datetime
 
import urllib
 
import binascii
 

	
 
import webob
 
import urlobject
 

	
 
from pylons.i18n.translation import _, ungettext
 
from kallithea.lib.vcs.utils.lazy import LazyProperty
 
from kallithea.lib.compat import json
 

	
 

	
 
def __get_lem():
 
    """
 
    Get language extension map based on what's inside pygments lexers
 
    """
 
    from pygments import lexers
 
    from string import lower
 
    from collections import defaultdict
 

	
 
    d = defaultdict(lambda: [])
 

	
 
    def __clean(s):
 
        s = s.lstrip('*')
 
        s = s.lstrip('.')
 

	
 
        if s.find('[') != -1:
 
            exts = []
 
            start, stop = s.find('['), s.find(']')
 

	
 
            for suffix in s[start + 1:stop]:
 
                exts.append(s[:s.find('[')] + suffix)
 
            return map(lower, exts)
 
        else:
 
            return map(lower, [s])
 

	
 
    for lx, t in sorted(lexers.LEXERS.items()):
 
        m = map(__clean, t[-2])
 
        if m:
 
            m = reduce(lambda x, y: x + y, m)
 
            for ext in m:
 
                desc = lx.replace('Lexer', '')
 
                d[ext].append(desc)
 

	
 
    return dict(d)
 

	
 

	
 
def __get_index_filenames():
 
    """
 
    Get list of known indexable filenames from pygment lexer internals
 
    """
 
    from pygments import lexers
 
    from itertools import ifilter
 

	
 
    filenames = []
 

	
 
    def likely_filename(s):
 
        return s.find('*') == -1 and s.find('[') == -1
 

	
 
    for lx, t in sorted(lexers.LEXERS.items()):
 
        for f in ifilter(likely_filename, t[-2]):
 
            filenames.append(f)
 

	
 
    return filenames
 

	
 

	
 
def str2bool(_str):
 
    """
 
    returs True/False value from given string, it tries to translate the
 
    string into boolean
 

	
 
    :param _str: string value to translate into boolean
 
    :rtype: boolean
 
    :returns: boolean from given string
 
    """
 
    if _str is None:
 
        return False
 
    if _str in (True, False):
 
        return _str
 
    _str = str(_str).strip().lower()
 
    return _str in ('t', 'true', 'y', 'yes', 'on', '1')
 

	
 

	
 
def aslist(obj, sep=None, strip=True):
 
    """
 
    Returns given string separated by sep as list
 

	
 
    :param obj:
 
    :param sep:
 
    :param strip:
 
    """
 
    if isinstance(obj, (basestring)):
 
        lst = obj.split(sep)
 
        if strip:
 
            lst = [v.strip() for v in lst]
 
        return lst
 
    elif isinstance(obj, (list, tuple)):
 
        return obj
 
    elif obj is None:
 
        return []
 
    else:
 
        return [obj]
 

	
 

	
 
def convert_line_endings(line, mode):
 
    """
 
    Converts a given line  "line end" according to given mode
 

	
 
    Available modes are::
 
        0 - Unix
 
        1 - Mac
 
        2 - DOS
 

	
 
    :param line: given line to convert
 
    :param mode: mode to convert to
 
    :rtype: str
 
    :return: converted line according to mode
 
    """
 
    from string import replace
 

	
 
    if mode == 0:
 
            line = replace(line, '\r\n', '\n')
 
            line = replace(line, '\r', '\n')
 
    elif mode == 1:
 
            line = replace(line, '\r\n', '\r')
 
            line = replace(line, '\n', '\r')
 
    elif mode == 2:
 
            line = re.sub("\r(?!\n)|(?<!\r)\n", "\r\n", line)
 
    return line
 

	
 

	
 
def detect_mode(line, default):
 
    """
 
    Detects line break for given line, if line break couldn't be found
 
    given default value is returned
 

	
 
    :param line: str line
 
    :param default: default
 
    :rtype: int
 
    :return: value of line end on of 0 - Unix, 1 - Mac, 2 - DOS
 
    """
 
    if line.endswith('\r\n'):
 
        return 2
 
    elif line.endswith('\n'):
 
        return 0
 
    elif line.endswith('\r'):
 
        return 1
 
    else:
 
        return default
 

	
 

	
 
def generate_api_key():
 
    """
 
    Generates a random (presumably unique) API key.
 
    """
 
    return binascii.hexlify(os.urandom(20))
 

	
 

	
 
def safe_int(val, default=None):
 
    """
 
    Returns int() of val if val is not convertable to int use default
 
    instead
 

	
 
    :param val:
 
    :param default:
 
    """
 

	
 
    try:
 
        val = int(val)
 
    except (ValueError, TypeError):
 
        val = default
 

	
 
    return val
 

	
 

	
 
def safe_unicode(str_, from_encoding=None):
 
    """
 
    safe unicode function. Does few trick to turn str_ into unicode
 

	
 
    In case of UnicodeDecode error we try to return it with encoding detected
 
    by chardet library if it fails fallback to unicode with errors replaced
 

	
 
    :param str_: string to decode
 
    :rtype: unicode
 
    :returns: unicode object
 
    """
 
    if isinstance(str_, unicode):
 
        return str_
 

	
 
    if not from_encoding:
 
        import kallithea
 
        DEFAULT_ENCODINGS = aslist(kallithea.CONFIG.get('default_encoding',
 
                                                        'utf8'), sep=',')
 
        from_encoding = DEFAULT_ENCODINGS
 

	
 
    if not isinstance(from_encoding, (list, tuple)):
 
        from_encoding = [from_encoding]
 

	
 
    try:
 
        return unicode(str_)
 
    except UnicodeDecodeError:
 
        pass
 

	
 
    for enc in from_encoding:
 
        try:
 
            return unicode(str_, enc)
 
        except UnicodeDecodeError:
 
            pass
 

	
 
    try:
 
        import chardet
 
        encoding = chardet.detect(str_)['encoding']
 
        if encoding is None:
 
            raise Exception()
 
        return str_.decode(encoding)
 
    except (ImportError, UnicodeDecodeError, Exception):
 
        return unicode(str_, from_encoding[0], 'replace')
 

	
 

	
 
def safe_str(unicode_, to_encoding=None):
 
    """
 
    safe str function. Does few trick to turn unicode_ into string
 

	
 
    In case of UnicodeEncodeError we try to return it with encoding detected
 
    by chardet library if it fails fallback to string with errors replaced
 

	
 
    :param unicode_: unicode to encode
 
    :rtype: str
 
    :returns: str object
 
    """
 

	
 
    # if it's not basestr cast to str
 
    if not isinstance(unicode_, basestring):
 
        return str(unicode_)
 

	
 
    if isinstance(unicode_, str):
 
        return unicode_
 

	
 
    if not to_encoding:
 
        import kallithea
 
        DEFAULT_ENCODINGS = aslist(kallithea.CONFIG.get('default_encoding',
 
                                                        'utf8'), sep=',')
 
        to_encoding = DEFAULT_ENCODINGS
 

	
 
    if not isinstance(to_encoding, (list, tuple)):
 
        to_encoding = [to_encoding]
 

	
 
    for enc in to_encoding:
 
        try:
 
            return unicode_.encode(enc)
 
        except UnicodeEncodeError:
 
            pass
 

	
 
    try:
 
        import chardet
 
        encoding = chardet.detect(unicode_)['encoding']
 
        if encoding is None:
 
            raise UnicodeEncodeError()
 

	
 
        return unicode_.encode(encoding)
 
    except (ImportError, UnicodeEncodeError):
 
        return unicode_.encode(to_encoding[0], 'replace')
 

	
 

	
 
def remove_suffix(s, suffix):
 
    if s.endswith(suffix):
 
        s = s[:-1 * len(suffix)]
 
    return s
 

	
 

	
 
def remove_prefix(s, prefix):
 
    if s.startswith(prefix):
 
        s = s[len(prefix):]
 
    return s
 

	
 

	
 
def engine_from_config(configuration, prefix='sqlalchemy.', **kwargs):
 
    """
 
    Custom engine_from_config functions that makes sure we use NullPool for
 
    file based sqlite databases. This prevents errors on sqlite. This only
 
    applies to sqlalchemy versions < 0.7.0
 

	
 
    """
 
    import sqlalchemy
 
    from sqlalchemy import engine_from_config as efc
 
    import logging
 

	
 
    if int(sqlalchemy.__version__.split('.')[1]) < 7:
 

	
 
        # This solution should work for sqlalchemy < 0.7.0, and should use
 
        # proxy=TimerProxy() for execution time profiling
 

	
 
        from sqlalchemy.pool import NullPool
 
        url = configuration[prefix + 'url']
 

	
 
        if url.startswith('sqlite'):
 
            kwargs.update({'poolclass': NullPool})
 
        return efc(configuration, prefix, **kwargs)
 
    else:
 
        import time
 
        from sqlalchemy import event
 

	
 
        log = logging.getLogger('sqlalchemy.engine')
 
        BLACK, RED, GREEN, YELLOW, BLUE, MAGENTA, CYAN, WHITE = xrange(30, 38)
 
        engine = efc(configuration, prefix, **kwargs)
 

	
 
        def color_sql(sql):
 
            COLOR_SEQ = "\033[1;%dm"
 
            COLOR_SQL = YELLOW
 
            normal = '\x1b[0m'
 
            return ''.join([COLOR_SEQ % COLOR_SQL, sql, normal])
 

	
 
        if configuration['debug']:
 
            #attach events only for debug configuration
 

	
 
            def before_cursor_execute(conn, cursor, statement,
 
                                    parameters, context, executemany):
 
                context._query_start_time = time.time()
 
                log.info(color_sql(">>>>> STARTING QUERY >>>>>"))
 

	
 
            def after_cursor_execute(conn, cursor, statement,
 
                                    parameters, context, executemany):
 
                total = time.time() - context._query_start_time
 
                log.info(color_sql("<<<<< TOTAL TIME: %f <<<<<" % total))
 

	
 
            event.listen(engine, "before_cursor_execute",
 
                         before_cursor_execute)
 
            event.listen(engine, "after_cursor_execute",
 
                         after_cursor_execute)
 

	
 
    return engine
 

	
 

	
 
def age(prevdate, show_short_version=False, now=None):
 
    """
 
    turns a datetime into an age string.
 
    If show_short_version is True, then it will generate a not so accurate but shorter string,
 
    example: 2days ago, instead of 2 days and 23 hours ago.
 

	
 
    :param prevdate: datetime object
 
    :param show_short_version: if it should aproximate the date and return a shorter string
 
    :param show_short_version: if it should approximate the date and return a shorter string
 
    :rtype: unicode
 
    :returns: unicode words describing age
 
    """
 
    now = now or datetime.datetime.now()
 
    order = ['year', 'month', 'day', 'hour', 'minute', 'second']
 
    deltas = {}
 
    future = False
 

	
 
    if prevdate > now:
 
        now, prevdate = prevdate, now
 
        future = True
 
    if future:
 
        prevdate = prevdate.replace(microsecond=0)
 
    # Get date parts deltas
 
    from dateutil import relativedelta
 
    for part in order:
 
        d = relativedelta.relativedelta(now, prevdate)
 
        deltas[part] = getattr(d, part + 's')
 

	
 
    # Fix negative offsets (there is 1 second between 10:59:59 and 11:00:00,
 
    # not 1 hour, -59 minutes and -59 seconds)
 
    for num, length in [(5, 60), (4, 60), (3, 24)]:  # seconds, minutes, hours
 
        part = order[num]
 
        carry_part = order[num - 1]
 

	
 
        if deltas[part] < 0:
 
            deltas[part] += length
 
            deltas[carry_part] -= 1
 

	
 
    # Same thing for days except that the increment depends on the (variable)
 
    # number of days in the month
 
    month_lengths = [31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31]
 
    if deltas['day'] < 0:
 
        if prevdate.month == 2 and (prevdate.year % 4 == 0 and
 
            (prevdate.year % 100 != 0 or prevdate.year % 400 == 0)):
 
            deltas['day'] += 29
 
        else:
 
            deltas['day'] += month_lengths[prevdate.month - 1]
 

	
 
        deltas['month'] -= 1
 

	
 
    if deltas['month'] < 0:
 
        deltas['month'] += 12
 
        deltas['year'] -= 1
 

	
 
    # In short version, we want nicer handling of ages of more than a year
 
    if show_short_version:
 
        if deltas['year'] == 1:
 
            # ages between 1 and 2 years: show as months
 
            deltas['month'] += 12
 
            deltas['year'] = 0
 
        if deltas['year'] >= 2:
 
            # ages 2+ years: round
 
            if deltas['month'] > 6:
 
                deltas['year'] += 1
 
                deltas['month'] = 0
 

	
 
    # Format the result
 
    fmt_funcs = {
 
        'year': lambda d: ungettext(u'%d year', '%d years', d) % d,
 
        'month': lambda d: ungettext(u'%d month', '%d months', d) % d,
 
        'day': lambda d: ungettext(u'%d day', '%d days', d) % d,
 
        'hour': lambda d: ungettext(u'%d hour', '%d hours', d) % d,
 
        'minute': lambda d: ungettext(u'%d minute', '%d minutes', d) % d,
 
        'second': lambda d: ungettext(u'%d second', '%d seconds', d) % d,
 
    }
 

	
 
    for i, part in enumerate(order):
 
        value = deltas[part]
 
        if value == 0:
 
            continue
 

	
 
        if i < 5:
 
            sub_part = order[i + 1]
 
            sub_value = deltas[sub_part]
 
        else:
 
            sub_value = 0
 

	
 
        if sub_value == 0 or show_short_version:
 
            if future:
 
                return _('in %s') % fmt_funcs[part](value)
 
            else:
 
                return _('%s ago') % fmt_funcs[part](value)
 
        if future:
 
            return _('in %s and %s') % (fmt_funcs[part](value),
 
                fmt_funcs[sub_part](sub_value))
 
        else:
 
            return _('%s and %s ago') % (fmt_funcs[part](value),
 
                fmt_funcs[sub_part](sub_value))
 

	
 
    return _('just now')
 

	
 

	
 
def uri_filter(uri):
 
    """
 
    Removes user:password from given url string
 

	
 
    :param uri:
 
    :rtype: unicode
 
    :returns: filtered list of strings
 
    """
 
    if not uri:
 
        return ''
 

	
 
    proto = ''
 

	
 
    for pat in ('https://', 'http://', 'git://'):
 
        if uri.startswith(pat):
 
            uri = uri[len(pat):]
 
            proto = pat
 
            break
 

	
 
    # remove passwords and username
 
    uri = uri[uri.find('@') + 1:]
 

	
 
    # get the port
 
    cred_pos = uri.find(':')
 
    if cred_pos == -1:
 
        host, port = uri, None
 
    else:
 
        host, port = uri[:cred_pos], uri[cred_pos + 1:]
 

	
 
    return filter(None, [proto, host, port])
 

	
 

	
 
def credentials_filter(uri):
 
    """
 
    Returns a url with removed credentials
 

	
 
    :param uri:
 
    """
 

	
 
    uri = uri_filter(uri)
 
    #check if we have port
 
    if len(uri) > 2 and uri[2]:
 
        uri[2] = ':' + uri[2]
 

	
 
    return ''.join(uri)
 

	
 

	
 
def get_clone_url(uri_tmpl, qualified_home_url, repo_name, repo_id, **override):
 
    parsed_url = urlobject.URLObject(qualified_home_url)
 
    decoded_path = safe_unicode(urllib.unquote(parsed_url.path.rstrip('/')))
 
    args = {
 
        'scheme': parsed_url.scheme,
 
        'user': '',
 
        'netloc': parsed_url.netloc+decoded_path,  # path if we use proxy-prefix
 
        'prefix': decoded_path,
 
        'repo': repo_name,
 
        'repoid': str(repo_id)
 
    }
 
    args.update(override)
 
    args['user'] = urllib.quote(safe_str(args['user']))
 

	
 
    for k, v in args.items():
 
        uri_tmpl = uri_tmpl.replace('{%s}' % k, v)
 

	
 
    # remove leading @ sign if it's present. Case of empty user
 
    url_obj = urlobject.URLObject(uri_tmpl)
 
    url = url_obj.with_netloc(url_obj.netloc.lstrip('@'))
 

	
 
    return safe_unicode(url)
 

	
 

	
 
def get_changeset_safe(repo, rev):
 
    """
 
    Safe version of get_changeset if this changeset doesn't exists for a
 
    repo it returns a Dummy one instead
 

	
 
    :param repo:
 
    :param rev:
 
    """
 
    from kallithea.lib.vcs.backends.base import BaseRepository
 
    from kallithea.lib.vcs.exceptions import RepositoryError
 
    from kallithea.lib.vcs.backends.base import EmptyChangeset
 
    if not isinstance(repo, BaseRepository):
 
        raise Exception('You must pass an Repository '
 
                        'object as first argument got %s', type(repo))
 

	
 
    try:
 
        cs = repo.get_changeset(rev)
 
    except (RepositoryError, LookupError):
 
        cs = EmptyChangeset(requested_revision=rev)
 
    return cs
 

	
 

	
 
def datetime_to_time(dt):
 
    if dt:
 
        return time.mktime(dt.timetuple())
 

	
 

	
 
def time_to_datetime(tm):
 
    if tm:
 
        if isinstance(tm, basestring):
 
            try:
 
                tm = float(tm)
 
            except ValueError:
 
                return
 
        return datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(tm)
 

	
 
# Must match regexp in kallithea/public/js/base.js MentionsAutoComplete()
 
# Check char before @ - it must not look like we are in an email addresses.
 
# Matching is gready so we don't have to look beyond the end.
 
MENTIONS_REGEX = re.compile(r'(?:^|(?<=[^a-zA-Z0-9]))@([a-zA-Z0-9][-_.a-zA-Z0-9]*[a-zA-Z0-9])')
 

	
 
def extract_mentioned_users(s):
 
    r"""
 
    Returns unique usernames from given string s that have @mention
 

	
 
    :param s: string to get mentions
 

	
 
    >>> extract_mentioned_users('@1-2.a_X,@1234 not@not @ddd@not @n @ee @ff @gg, @gg;@hh @n\n@zz,')
 
    ['1-2.a_X', '1234', 'ddd', 'ee', 'ff', 'gg', 'hh', 'zz']
 
    """
 
    usrs = set()
 
    for username in MENTIONS_REGEX.findall(s):
 
        usrs.add(username)
 

	
 
    return sorted(list(usrs), key=lambda k: k.lower())
 

	
 

	
 
class AttributeDict(dict):
 
    def __getattr__(self, attr):
 
        return self.get(attr, None)
 
    __setattr__ = dict.__setitem__
 
    __delattr__ = dict.__delitem__
 

	
 

	
 
def fix_PATH(os_=None):
 
    """
 
    Get current active python path, and append it to PATH variable to fix issues
 
    of subprocess calls and different python versions
 
    """
 
    if os_ is None:
 
        import os
 
    else:
 
        os = os_
 

	
 
    cur_path = os.path.split(sys.executable)[0]
 
    if not os.environ['PATH'].startswith(cur_path):
 
        os.environ['PATH'] = '%s:%s' % (cur_path, os.environ['PATH'])
 

	
 

	
 
def obfuscate_url_pw(engine):
 
    from sqlalchemy.engine import url as sa_url
 
    from sqlalchemy.exc import ArgumentError
 
    try:
 
        _url = sa_url.make_url(engine or '')
 
    except ArgumentError:
 
        return engine
 
    if _url.password:
 
        _url.password = 'XXXXX'
 
    return str(_url)
 

	
 

	
 
def get_server_url(environ):
 
    req = webob.Request(environ)
 
    return req.host_url + req.script_name
 

	
 

	
 
def _extract_extras(env=None):
 
    """
 
    Extracts the Kallithea extras data from os.environ, and wraps it into named
 
    AttributeDict object
 
    """
 
    if not env:
 
        env = os.environ
 

	
 
    try:
 
        extras = json.loads(env['KALLITHEA_EXTRAS'])
 
    except KeyError:
 
        extras = {}
 

	
 
    try:
 
        for k in ['username', 'repository', 'locked_by', 'scm', 'make_lock',
 
                  'action', 'ip']:
 
            extras[k]
 
    except KeyError as e:
 
        raise Exception('Missing key %s in os.environ %s' % (e, extras))
 

	
 
    return AttributeDict(extras)
 

	
 

	
 
def _set_extras(extras):
 
    # RC_SCM_DATA can probably be removed in the future, but for compatibilty now...
 
    os.environ['KALLITHEA_EXTRAS'] = os.environ['RC_SCM_DATA'] = json.dumps(extras)
 

	
 

	
 
def unique_id(hexlen=32):
 
    alphabet = "23456789ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghjklmnpqrstuvwxyz"
 
    return suuid(truncate_to=hexlen, alphabet=alphabet)
 

	
 

	
 
def suuid(url=None, truncate_to=22, alphabet=None):
 
    """
 
    Generate and return a short URL safe UUID.
 

	
 
    If the url parameter is provided, set the namespace to the provided
 
    URL and generate a UUID.
 

	
 
    :param url to get the uuid for
 
    :truncate_to: truncate the basic 22 UUID to shorter version
 

	
 
    The IDs won't be universally unique any longer, but the probability of
 
    a collision will still be very low.
 
    """
 
    # Define our alphabet.
 
    _ALPHABET = alphabet or "23456789ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZ"
 

	
 
    # If no URL is given, generate a random UUID.
 
    if url is None:
 
        unique_id = uuid.uuid4().int
 
    else:
 
        unique_id = uuid.uuid3(uuid.NAMESPACE_URL, url).int
 

	
 
    alphabet_length = len(_ALPHABET)
 
    output = []
 
    while unique_id > 0:
 
        digit = unique_id % alphabet_length
 
        output.append(_ALPHABET[digit])
 
        unique_id = int(unique_id / alphabet_length)
 
    return "".join(output)[:truncate_to]
 

	
 

	
 
def get_current_authuser():
 
    """
 
    Gets kallithea user from threadlocal tmpl_context variable if it's
 
    defined, else returns None.
 
    """
 
    from pylons import tmpl_context
 
    if hasattr(tmpl_context, 'authuser'):
 
        return tmpl_context.authuser
 

	
 
    return None
 

	
 

	
 
class OptionalAttr(object):
 
    """
 
    Special Optional Option that defines other attribute. Example::
 

	
 
        def test(apiuser, userid=Optional(OAttr('apiuser')):
 
            user = Optional.extract(userid)
 
            # calls
 

	
 
    """
 

	
 
    def __init__(self, attr_name):
 
        self.attr_name = attr_name
 

	
 
    def __repr__(self):
 
        return '<OptionalAttr:%s>' % self.attr_name
 

	
 
    def __call__(self):
 
        return self
 

	
 
#alias
 
OAttr = OptionalAttr
 

	
 

	
 
class Optional(object):
 
    """
 
    Defines an optional parameter::
 

	
 
        param = param.getval() if isinstance(param, Optional) else param
 
        param = param() if isinstance(param, Optional) else param
 

	
 
    is equivalent of::
 

	
 
        param = Optional.extract(param)
 

	
 
    """
 

	
 
    def __init__(self, type_):
 
        self.type_ = type_
 

	
 
    def __repr__(self):
 
        return '<Optional:%s>' % self.type_.__repr__()
 

	
 
    def __call__(self):
 
        return self.getval()
 

	
 
    def getval(self):
 
        """
 
        returns value from this Optional instance
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