sortkey = lambda ctx: ctx[0]

        _branches = [(x[0], x[1][0])

                     for x in self._parsed_refs.iteritems() if x[1][1] == 'H']

        return OrderedDict(sorted(_branches, key=sortkey, reverse=False))

    @LazyProperty

    def closed_branches(self):

        return {}

    @LazyProperty

    def tags(self):

        return self._get_tags()

    def _get_tags(self):

        if not self.revisions:

            return {}

        sortkey = lambda ctx: ctx[0]

        _tags = [(x[0], x[1][0])

                 for x in self._parsed_refs.iteritems() if x[1][1] == 'T']

        return OrderedDict(sorted(_tags, key=sortkey, reverse=True))

    def tag(self, name, user, revision=None, message=None, date=None,

            **kwargs):

        """

        Creates and returns a tag for the given ``revision``.

        :param name: name for new tag

        :param user: full username, i.e.: "Joe Doe <joe.doe@example.com>"

        :param revision: changeset id for which new tag would be created

        :param message: message of the tag's commit

        :param date: date of tag's commit

        :raises TagAlreadyExistError: if tag with same name already exists

        """

        if name in self.tags:

            raise TagAlreadyExistError("Tag %s already exists" % name)

        changeset = self.get_changeset(revision)

        message = message or "Added tag %s for commit %s" % (name,

            changeset.raw_id)

        self._repo.refs["refs/tags/%s" % name] = changeset._commit.id

        self._parsed_refs = self._get_parsed_refs()

        self.tags = self._get_tags()

        return changeset

    def remove_tag(self, name, user, message=None, date=None):

        """

        Removes tag with the given ``name``.

        :param name: name of the tag to be removed

        :param user: full username, i.e.: "Joe Doe <joe.doe@example.com>"

        :param message: message of the tag's removal commit

        :param date: date of tag's removal commit

        :raises TagDoesNotExistError: if tag with given name does not exists

        """

        if name not in self.tags:

            raise TagDoesNotExistError("Tag %s does not exist" % name)

        tagpath = posixpath.join(self._repo.refs.path, 'refs', 'tags', name)

        try:

            os.remove(tagpath)

            self._parsed_refs = self._get_parsed_refs()

            self.tags = self._get_tags()

        except OSError as e:

            raise RepositoryError(e.strerror)

    @LazyProperty

    def bookmarks(self):

        """

        Gets bookmarks for this repository

        """

        return {}

    @LazyProperty

    def _parsed_refs(self):

        return self._get_parsed_refs()

    def _get_parsed_refs(self):

        # cache the property

        _repo = self._repo

        refs = _repo.get_refs()

        keys = [('refs/heads/', 'H'),

                ('refs/remotes/origin/', 'RH'),

                ('refs/tags/', 'T')]

        _refs = {}

        for ref, sha in refs.iteritems():

            for k, type_ in keys:

                if ref.startswith(k):

                    _key = ref[len(k):]

                    if type_ == 'T':

                        obj = _repo.get_object(sha)

                        if isinstance(obj, Tag):

                            sha = _repo.get_object(sha).object[1]

                    _refs[_key] = [sha, type_]

                    break

        return _refs

    def _heads(self, reverse=False):

        refs = self._repo.get_refs()

        heads = {}

        for key, val in refs.items():

            for ref_key in ['refs/heads/', 'refs/remotes/origin/']:

                if key.startswith(ref_key):

                    n = key[len(ref_key):]

                    if n not in ['HEAD']:

                        heads[n] = val

        return heads if reverse else dict((y, x) for x, y in heads.iteritems())

    def get_changeset(self, revision=None):

        """

        Returns ``GitChangeset`` object representing commit from git repository

        at the given revision or head (most recent commit) if None given.

        """

        if isinstance(revision, GitChangeset):

            return revision

        revision = self._get_revision(revision)

        changeset = GitChangeset(repository=self, revision=revision)

        return changeset

    def get_changesets(self, start=None, end=None, start_date=None,

           end_date=None, branch_name=None, reverse=False, max_revisions=None):

        """

        Returns iterator of ``GitChangeset`` objects from start to end (both

        are inclusive), in ascending date order (unless ``reverse`` is set).

        :param start: changeset ID, as str; first returned changeset

        :param end: changeset ID, as str; last returned changeset

        :param start_date: if specified, changesets with commit date less than

          ``start_date`` would be filtered out from returned set

        :param end_date: if specified, changesets with commit date greater than

          ``end_date`` would be filtered out from returned set

        :param branch_name: if specified, changesets not reachable from given

          branch would be filtered out from returned set

        :param reverse: if ``True``, returned generator would be reversed

          (meaning that returned changesets would have descending date order)

        :raise BranchDoesNotExistError: If given ``branch_name`` does not

            exist.

        :raise ChangesetDoesNotExistError: If changeset for given ``start`` or

          ``end`` could not be found.

        """

        if branch_name and branch_name not in self.branches:

            raise BranchDoesNotExistError("Branch '%s' not found"

                                          % branch_name)

        # actually we should check now if it's not an empty repo to not spaw

        # subprocess commands

        if self._empty:

            raise EmptyRepositoryError("There are no changesets yet")

        # %H at format means (full) commit hash, initial hashes are retrieved

        # in ascending date order

        cmd = ['log', '--date-order', '--reverse', '--pretty=format:%H']

        if max_revisions:

            cmd += ['--max-count=%s' % max_revisions]

        if start_date:

            cmd += ['--since', start_date.strftime('%m/%d/%y %H:%M:%S')]

        if end_date:

            cmd += ['--until', end_date.strftime('%m/%d/%y %H:%M:%S')]

        if branch_name:

            cmd.append(branch_name)

        else:

            cmd.append(settings.GIT_REV_FILTER)

        revs = self.run_git_command(cmd)[0].splitlines()

        start_pos = 0

        end_pos = len(revs)

        if start:

            _start = self._get_revision(start)

            try:

                start_pos = revs.index(_start)

            except ValueError:

                pass

        if end is not None:

            _end = self._get_revision(end)

            try:

                end_pos = revs.index(_end)

            except ValueError:

                pass

        if None not in [start, end] and start_pos > end_pos:

            raise RepositoryError('start cannot be after end')

        if end_pos is not None:

            end_pos += 1

        revs = revs[start_pos:end_pos]

        if reverse:

        return CollectionGenerator(self, revs)

    def get_diff(self, rev1, rev2, path=None, ignore_whitespace=False,

                 context=3):

        """

        Returns (git like) *diff*, as plain text. Shows changes introduced by

        ``rev2`` since ``rev1``.

        :param rev1: Entry point from which diff is shown. Can be

          ``self.EMPTY_CHANGESET`` - in this case, patch showing all

          the changes since empty state of the repository until ``rev2``

        :param rev2: Until which revision changes should be shown.

        :param ignore_whitespace: If set to ``True``, would not show whitespace

          changes. Defaults to ``False``.

        :param context: How many lines before/after changed lines should be

          shown. Defaults to ``3``. Due to limitations in Git, if

          value passed-in is greater than ``2**31-1``

          (``2147483647``), it will be set to ``2147483647``

          instead. If negative value is passed-in, it will be set to

          ``0`` instead.

        """

        # Git internally uses a signed long int for storing context

        # size (number of lines to show before and after the

        # differences). This can result in integer overflow, so we

        # ensure the requested context is smaller by one than the

        # number that would cause the overflow. It is highly unlikely

        # that a single file will contain that many lines, so this

        # kind of change should not cause any realistic consequences.

        overflowed_long_int = 2**31

        if context >= overflowed_long_int:

            context = overflowed_long_int - 1

        # Negative context values make no sense, and will result in

        # errors. Ensure this does not happen.

        if context < 0:

            context = 0

        flags = ['-U%s' % context, '--full-index', '--binary', '-p', '-M', '--abbrev=40']

        if ignore_whitespace:

            flags.append('-w')

        if hasattr(rev1, 'raw_id'):

            rev1 = getattr(rev1, 'raw_id')

        if hasattr(rev2, 'raw_id'):

            rev2 = getattr(rev2, 'raw_id')

        if rev1 == self.EMPTY_CHANGESET:

            rev2 = self.get_changeset(rev2).raw_id

            cmd = ['show'] + flags + [rev2]

        else:

            rev1 = self.get_changeset(rev1).raw_id

            rev2 = self.get_changeset(rev2).raw_id

            cmd = ['diff'] + flags + [rev1, rev2]

        if path:

            cmd += ['--', path]

        stdout, stderr = self.run_git_command(cmd)

        # TODO: don't ignore stderr

        # If we used 'show' command, strip first few lines (until actual diff

        # starts)

        if rev1 == self.EMPTY_CHANGESET:

            parts = stdout.split('\ndiff ', 1)

            if len(parts) > 1:

                stdout = 'diff ' + parts[1]

        return stdout

    @LazyProperty

    def in_memory_changeset(self):

        """

        Returns ``GitInMemoryChangeset`` object for this repository.

        """

        return GitInMemoryChangeset(self)

    def clone(self, url, update_after_clone=True, bare=False):

        """

        Tries to clone changes from external location.

        :param update_after_clone: If set to ``False``, git won't checkout

          working directory

        :param bare: If set to ``True``, repository would be cloned into

          *bare* git repository (no working directory at all).

        """

        url = self._get_url(url)

        cmd = ['clone', '-q']

        if bare:

            cmd.append('--bare')

        elif not update_after_clone:

            cmd.append('--no-checkout')

        cmd += ['--', url, self.path]

        # If error occurs run_git_command raises RepositoryError already

        self.run_git_command(cmd)

    def pull(self, url):

        """

        Tries to pull changes from external location.

        """

        url = self._get_url(url)

        cmd = ['pull', '--ff-only', url]

        # If error occurs run_git_command raises RepositoryError already

        self.run_git_command(cmd)

    def fetch(self, url):

        """

        Tries to pull changes from external location.

        """

        url = self._get_url(url)

        so, se = self.run_git_command(['ls-remote', '-h', url])

        cmd = ['fetch', url, '--']

        for line in (x for x in so.splitlines()):

            sha, ref = line.split('\t')

            cmd.append('+%s:%s' % (ref, ref))

        self.run_git_command(cmd)

    def _update_server_info(self):

        """

        runs gits update-server-info command in this repo instance

        """

        from dulwich.server import update_server_info

        try:

            update_server_info(self._repo)

        except OSError as e:

            if e.errno not in [errno.ENOENT, errno.EROFS]:

                raise

            # Workaround for dulwich crashing on for example its own dulwich/tests/data/repos/simple_merge.git/info/refs.lock

            log.error('Ignoring %s running update-server-info: %s', type(e).__name__, e)

    @LazyProperty

    def workdir(self):

        """

        Returns ``Workdir`` instance for this repository.

        """

        return GitWorkdir(self)

    def get_config_value(self, section, name, config_file=None):

        """

        Returns configuration value for a given [``section``] and ``name``.

        :param section: Section we want to retrieve value from

        :param name: Name of configuration we want to retrieve

        :param config_file: A path to file which should be used to retrieve

          configuration from (might also be a list of file paths)

        """

        if config_file is None:

            config_file = []

        elif isinstance(config_file, basestring):

            config_file = [config_file]

        def gen_configs():

            for path in config_file + self._config_files:

                try:

                    yield ConfigFile.from_path(path)

                except (IOError, OSError, ValueError):

                    continue

        for config in gen_configs():

            try:

                return config.get(section, name)

            except KeyError:

                continue

        return None

    def get_user_name(self, config_file=None):

        """

        Returns user's name from global configuration file.

        :param config_file: A path to file which should be used to retrieve

          configuration from (might also be a list of file paths)

        """

        return self.get_config_value('user', 'name', config_file)

    def get_user_email(self, config_file=None):

        """

        Returns user's email from global configuration file.

        :param config_file: A path to file which should be used to retrieve

          configuration from (might also be a list of file paths)

        """

        return self.get_config_value('user', 'email', config_file)

                    % (self.path, err)

            else:

                msg = "Not valid repository at %s. Original error was %s" \

                    % (self.path, err)

            raise RepositoryError(msg)

    @LazyProperty

    def in_memory_changeset(self):

        return MercurialInMemoryChangeset(self)

    @LazyProperty

    def description(self):

        undefined_description = u'unknown'

        _desc = self._repo.ui.config('web', 'description', None, untrusted=True)

        return safe_unicode(_desc or undefined_description)

    @LazyProperty

    def contact(self):

        undefined_contact = u'Unknown'

        return safe_unicode(get_contact(self._repo.ui.config)

                            or undefined_contact)

    @LazyProperty

    def last_change(self):

        """

        Returns last change made on this repository as datetime object

        """

        return date_fromtimestamp(self._get_mtime(), makedate()[1])

    def _get_mtime(self):

        try:

            return time.mktime(self.get_changeset().date.timetuple())

        except RepositoryError:

            # fallback to filesystem

            cl_path = os.path.join(self.path, '.hg', "00changelog.i")

            st_path = os.path.join(self.path, '.hg', "store")

            if os.path.exists(cl_path):

                return os.stat(cl_path).st_mtime

            else:

                return os.stat(st_path).st_mtime

    def _get_revision(self, revision):

        """

        Gets an ID revision given as str. This will always return a full

        40 char revision number

        :param revision: str or int or None

        """

        if isinstance(revision, unicode):

            revision = safe_str(revision)

        if self._empty:

            raise EmptyRepositoryError("There are no changesets yet")

        if revision in [-1, None]:

            revision = 'tip'

        try:

            if isinstance(revision, int):

                return self._repo[revision].hex()

            try:

                return scmutil.revsymbol(self._repo, revision).hex()

            except AttributeError: # revsymbol was introduced in Mercurial 4.6

                return self._repo[revision].hex()

        except (IndexError, ValueError, RepoLookupError, TypeError):

            msg = ("Revision %s does not exist for %s" % (revision, self))

            raise ChangesetDoesNotExistError(msg)

        except (LookupError, ):

            msg = ("Ambiguous identifier `%s` for %s" % (revision, self))

            raise ChangesetDoesNotExistError(msg)

    def get_ref_revision(self, ref_type, ref_name):

        """

        Returns revision number for the given reference.

        """

        ref_name = safe_str(ref_name)

        if ref_type == 'rev' and not ref_name.strip('0'):

            return self.EMPTY_CHANGESET

        # lookup up the exact node id

        _revset_predicates = {

                'branch': 'branch',

                'book': 'bookmark',

                'tag': 'tag',

                'rev': 'id',

            }

        # avoid expensive branch(x) iteration over whole repo

        rev_spec = "%%s & %s(%%s)" % _revset_predicates[ref_type]

        try:

            revs = self._repo.revs(rev_spec, ref_name, ref_name)

        except LookupError:

            msg = ("Ambiguous identifier %s:%s for %s" % (ref_type, ref_name, self.name))

            raise ChangesetDoesNotExistError(msg)

        except RepoLookupError:

            msg = ("Revision %s:%s does not exist for %s" % (ref_type, ref_name, self.name))

            raise ChangesetDoesNotExistError(msg)

        if revs:

            try:

                revision = revs.last()

            except AttributeError:

                # removed in hg 3.2

                revision = revs[-1]

        else:

            # TODO: just report 'not found'?

            revision = ref_name

        return self._get_revision(revision)

    def _get_archives(self, archive_name='tip'):

        allowed = self.baseui.configlist("web", "allow_archive",

                                         untrusted=True)

        for i in [('zip', '.zip'), ('gz', '.tar.gz'), ('bz2', '.tar.bz2')]:

            if i[0] in allowed or self._repo.ui.configbool("web",

                                                           "allow" + i[0],

                                                           untrusted=True):

                yield {"type": i[0], "extension": i[1], "node": archive_name}

    def _get_url(self, url):

        """

        Returns normalized url. If schema is not given, would fall

        to filesystem

        (``file:///``) schema.

        """

        url = safe_str(url)

        if url != 'default' and '://' not in url:

            url = "file:" + urllib.pathname2url(url)

        return url

    def get_hook_location(self):

        """

        returns absolute path to location where hooks are stored

        """

        return os.path.join(self.path, '.hg', '.hgrc')

    def get_changeset(self, revision=None):

        """

        Returns ``MercurialChangeset`` object representing repository's

        changeset at the given ``revision``.

        """

        revision = self._get_revision(revision)

        changeset = MercurialChangeset(repository=self, revision=revision)

        return changeset

    def get_changesets(self, start=None, end=None, start_date=None,

                       end_date=None, branch_name=None, reverse=False, max_revisions=None):

        """

        Returns iterator of ``MercurialChangeset`` objects from start to end

        (both are inclusive)

        :param start: None, str, int or mercurial lookup format

        :param end:  None, str, int or mercurial lookup format

        :param start_date:

        :param end_date:

        :param branch_name:

        :param reversed: return changesets in reversed order

        """

        start_raw_id = self._get_revision(start)

        start_pos = self.revisions.index(start_raw_id) if start else None

        end_raw_id = self._get_revision(end)

        end_pos = self.revisions.index(end_raw_id) if end else None

        if None not in [start, end] and start_pos > end_pos:

            raise RepositoryError("Start revision '%s' cannot be "

                                  "after end revision '%s'" % (start, end))

        if branch_name and branch_name not in self.allbranches.keys():

            msg = ("Branch %s not found in %s" % (branch_name, self))

            raise BranchDoesNotExistError(msg)

        if end_pos is not None:

            end_pos += 1

        # filter branches

        filter_ = []

        if branch_name:

            filter_.append('branch("%s")' % safe_str(branch_name))

        if start_date:

            filter_.append('date(">%s")' % start_date)

        if end_date:

            filter_.append('date("<%s")' % end_date)

        if filter_ or max_revisions:

            if filter_:

                revspec = ' and '.join(filter_)

            else:

                revspec = 'all()'

            if max_revisions:

                revspec = 'limit(%s, %s)' % (revspec, max_revisions)

            revisions = scmutil.revrange(self._repo, [revspec])

        else:

            revisions = self.revisions

        # this is very much a hack to turn this into a list; a better solution

        # would be to get rid of this function entirely and use revsets

        revs = list(revisions)[start_pos:end_pos]

        if reverse:

        return CollectionGenerator(self, revs)

    def pull(self, url):

        """

        Tries to pull changes from external location.

        """

        url = self._get_url(url)

        other = peer(self._repo, {}, url)

        try:

            # hg 3.2 moved push / pull to exchange module

            from mercurial import exchange

            exchange.pull(self._repo, other, heads=None, force=None)

        except ImportError:

            self._repo.pull(other, heads=None, force=None)

        except Abort as err:

            # Propagate error but with vcs's type

            raise RepositoryError(str(err))

    @LazyProperty

    def workdir(self):

        """

        Returns ``Workdir`` instance for this repository.

        """

        return MercurialWorkdir(self)

    def get_config_value(self, section, name=None, config_file=None):

        """

        Returns configuration value for a given [``section``] and ``name``.

        :param section: Section we want to retrieve value from

        :param name: Name of configuration we want to retrieve

        :param config_file: A path to file which should be used to retrieve

          configuration from (might also be a list of file paths)

        """

        if config_file is None:

            config_file = []

        elif isinstance(config_file, basestring):

            config_file = [config_file]

        config = self._repo.ui

        if config_file:

            config = ui.ui()

            for path in config_file:

                config.readconfig(path)

        return config.config(section, name)

    def get_user_name(self, config_file=None):

        """

        Returns user's name from global configuration file.

        :param config_file: A path to file which should be used to retrieve

          configuration from (might also be a list of file paths)

        """

        username = self.get_config_value('ui', 'username', config_file=config_file)

        if username:

            return author_name(username)

        return None

    def get_user_email(self, config_file=None):

        """

        Returns user's email from global configuration file.

        :param config_file: A path to file which should be used to retrieve

          configuration from (might also be a list of file paths)

        """

        username = self.get_config_value('ui', 'username', config_file=config_file)

        if username:

            return author_email(username)

        return None